Recognize the symptoms of high and low blood sugar — and know when to take action
Why Monitoring Matters in Diabetes
Diabetes is a condition that demands constant vigilance. While daily management is key, sudden changes in blood sugar can lead to serious — even life-threatening — complications. Whether you have type 1, type 2, or gestational diabetes, recognizing early warning signs can prevent emergencies.
Signs of High Blood Sugar (Hyperglycemia)
Hyperglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels are too high. It can result from:
- Overeating
- Missing medications
- Stress or illness
Symptoms to watch for:
- Frequent urination
- Increased thirst
- Blurry vision
- Fatigue
- Headaches
- Irritability
If you notice these symptoms, check your blood sugar immediately. You may need to adjust your meal plan, medications, or activity level.
Ketone Buildup: A Dangerous Signal
When your body lacks insulin, it starts burning fat for energy, which produces ketones. Excess ketones can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) — a dangerous condition, especially for people with type 1 diabetes.
Warning signs of DKA:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- A sweet, fruity odor on the breath
- Dry mouth or dehydration
- Difficulty breathing
- Weakness or confusion
- Risk of coma if untreated
Use ketone test strips (available over the counter) if you suspect ketones are high. If ketones are present, contact your provider immediately or go to the emergency room.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS)
More common in type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome develops gradually. Blood sugar can rise to extreme levels, making the blood thick and syrupy.
Symptoms include:
- Blood sugar over 600 mg/dL
- Extreme thirst and dry mouth
- High fever
- Confusion or hallucinations
- Blurred vision
- Sleepiness or loss of consciousness
This condition is a medical emergency. Seek immediate help if these symptoms appear, especially following illness or dehydration.
Signs of Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)
Hypoglycemia can occur if you:
- Skip meals
- Exercise more than usual
- Take too much insulin or medication
It’s most common in people who use insulin or certain oral medications.
Common symptoms of low blood sugar:
- Sweating
- Shaking or tremors
- Weakness
- Intense hunger
- Dizziness or headache
- Blurry vision
- Rapid heartbeat
- Mood swings or irritability
- Slurred speech
- Drowsiness or confusion
- In severe cases: fainting or seizures
Quick Treatment for Low Blood Sugar
Treat hypoglycemia immediately with fast-acting carbohydrates, such as:
- ½ cup of fruit juice
- Glucose tablets
- Regular (non-diet) soda
- Hard candies
Recheck your blood sugar after 15 minutes and repeat treatment if needed. If symptoms persist or worsen, seek medical help.
Takeaway: Stay Alert, Stay Safe
Whether you’re newly diagnosed or have lived with diabetes for years, being prepared for sudden blood sugar swings is essential. Keep glucose sources and test supplies on hand at all times. Know when to self-treat, when to adjust your plan, and when to call your healthcare provider or visit the ER.
